Which conditions are necessary for thunderstorms to develop?

The development of thunderstorms is largely dependent on three key conditions: lifting action, moisture, and an unstable lapse rate. Lifting action can come from various sources such as surface heat, frontal passages, or terrain. This upward movement of air cools the air, which can lead to condensation and cloud formation if enough moisture is present.

Moisture is essential because it provides the water vapor that condenses to form clouds and ultimately, precipitation. Without sufficient moisture, even if the air is lifted, the formation of thunderstorms is unlikely.

An unstable lapse rate refers to the temperature gradient in the atmosphere that favors the upward movement of air. Warm air near the surface that cools rapidly with altitude creates a condition where the air can continue to rise uncontested. This instability acts as a catalyst for thunderstorms, allowing for the powerful updrafts that characterize them.

Overall, the presence of lifting action, adequate moisture, and an unstable thermal profile are the critical ingredients required for thunderstorms to develop, making this the only correct option.